Cigar-holders

Cigar-holders
"Some people seem to smoke not because they like it, but only to be in the fashion. Some days ago the writer
of this article happened to be in a cigar-store, when two well-dressed young men came in and asked for some
ten cent cigars. The clerk handed out the box, and after a critical inspection the purchaser asked: "Are these
medium?' 'Yes, sir,' said the clerk. 'Then I'll take a dollar's worth.' After they had gone the writer asked the
clerk what they meant by 'medium.' He said he didn't exactly know, but supposed they wanted to know
whether the cigars were between strong and mild. 'I told them they were,' said he, 'because I thought they
would buy if I said so, but they are all alike.' And in this connection it is very singular that although the Island
of Cuba is so near to the United States and so many cigars are imported into this city, so little is known about
the different sizes and brands of cigars, excepting, of course, by those in the business. It is a common thing
here to see a man ask in a cigar store for a Flor del Fumar, a Figaro, or an Espanola. By this he means a cigar
of a certain size, and does not seem to know that these are not the names which designate the size, but are the
names of the manufactories. In Havana, were a man to ask for a Flor del Fumar, the dealer would ask him
what size he wanted.
"Every box of cigars packed in Havana has, at least, six distinctive works on it. First is the brand, which is
burned in the upper side of the lid of the box, with an iron made for the purpose; second the label, this bears
the name and address of the manufactory; third, the mark designating the size and shape of the cigars, this is
usually put on with a stencil; there are not so very many regular sizes, or vitolas, made in Havana as might be
imagined, a list of them may prove interesting. These are: Damos, Entre Actos, Opera, Concha, Regalia de
Concha, Londres, Londres de Corte, Regalia de Londres, Regalia Britanica, Regalia del Rey, Regalia de la
Reina, Reina Victoria, Panetelos, Trabucos, Embajadores, Especiales, Imperiales, Brevos, Prensados,
Cilindrados, Millar Vegueros. The Damos (Dames) as their name indicates, are meant for the ladies, and are
the smallest made. The Cozadores (huntsmen) are the longest, and the Trabucos (blunderbusses) the fattest.
The Prensados (pressed) are flat, and Cilindrados (cylindrical) are so called because, when green, they are put
in bundles of twenty-five, and tightly rolled in strong tissue paper, which is twisted at each end of the roll.
When the cigars are dry the paper is taken off, and the bunch retains the cylindrical shape given it. The Brevos
(figs) are also tied up while green, and tightly pressed. This makes them stick together something like figs,
hence their name. The Vegueros (plantation) take their name from the fact that they are supposed to be made
like those made on the plantations, but they are not made in the same way."In the Vegos (plantations) the veguero, or planter, makes his cigar of a single leaf of tobacco, which he
carries ready moistened for the purpose, by rolling it on his knee. Besides the above, some fancy sizes have
been adopted of late years, but they are made by only a few of the larger manufacturers in Havana. Fourth is
the color mark, which is also put on in stencil. Fifth, the class mark. All the round cigars made in Havana are
separated into three classes: Primera, or first; Segunda, or second; and Tercera, or third. Some manufacturers
never mark any of their cigars as of the third class, not because they do not make them, but because they think
they sell better without the mark. They make the first class Flor, the second Primera, and the third Segunda.
Others mark all their cigars as of the first class, and indicate the classes by the color of the labels, and in this
way none but the wholesale purchaser knows the secret. Sixth, the last, is the mark denoting the number of
cigars in the box. This is stenciled on the side in Arabic numerals.
"A theory has obtained that cigars made in Havana, by reason of some inexplicable climatic influence, are
better than those made in New York, even should they be made of tobacco from the same plantation. This
may be so, but it is doubtful whether this was ever fairly tested, or, indeed, whether it was ever tested at all.
The truth is that all the best tobacco grown in the island of Cuba is bought up by the heavy manufacturers in
Havana. The crops of the best plantations are contracted for in advance, and the old-established firms buy
from the same vegos year after year. Hence it is why their cigars are so uniform in quality. All Cuban tobacco
is not good, by any means. The tobacco from the Vuelta de Arriba is not so good as that from the Vuelta de
Abajo, and yet there is but little difference in their geographical position. And in the Vuelta de Abajo, a short
distance makes a difference in the quality of the tobacco. Some vegos are celebrated for their good crops,
while others, perhaps not a hundred yards away, do not produce good crops at all. There are many poor cigars
made in Cuba, as all who have ever been there know, and all over the island the Havana cigar is deemed the
best. In Havana, and, indeed, in all parts of the island, green or freshly-made cigars are preferred, and the most
esteemed cigar-cases are made of carefully prepared bladders, in which the cigars are rolled to prevent the
evaporation of the moisture.
"When a Cuban gentleman gives a cigar to a friend, he does not, as we do, open his case, and offer it to him to
choose from but he examines its contents carefully and critically, selects the one he thinks the best and offers
it. And there is a great deal more in the choice of a cigar, by selecting it on account of its outside appearance,
than one not accustomed to it would suppose. A wrapper which has that which the Cubans call calidad makes
the cigar much stronger than one which does not possess it. That is to say, that the wrapper which has calidad
contains more essential oil, is denoted by an abundance of small pustules on the surface of the leaf, and by a
general rich, oily appearance. As a proof of the foregoing proposition, it is only necessary to know how cigars
are made. A lot of tobacco is worked up into say 50,000. After they are all made, they are turned over to be
assorted, according to color and class, and are packed and marked. The fillers are all alike, it is the wrappers
that make the difference. To assort the colors a very, correct eye is required, and those who do this part of the
work make better wages than those who make the cigars.
"The value of cigars does not increase in direct ratio with their size, for owing to the difficulty in getting good
wrappers for the larger kinds, the expense of their manufacture is much increased. Upon one occasion, in
Havana, a manufacturer received an order for a thousand cigars intended for the Queen of Spain's husband,
Don Francisco de Asis, which he agreed to make for $1,000. They were delivered in due time, and packed in a
richly-mounted cedar chest, were sent to the royal recipient. They were magnificent cigars, of the cazadores
size, all of the same color, and so smoothly made as to look as if they had been turned out of hard wood
instead of rolled tobacco. They were placed on exhibition for a few days before they were sent to Spain, and a
gentleman who saw them, wishing to make a present to some dignitary, asked the manufacturer to make him a
like number at the same price. To his surprise, the order was refused. The manufacturer said he could not do it
for the money. His explanation was that it was not the actual cost of the tobacco and labor of making them,
but it was on account of the trouble and expense met with in selecting the wrappers. He said he had to pick
over thousands of bales before he could secure a sufficient number of the proper length, color, and fineness.

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An Essay on the Influence of Tobacco upon

ESSAY ON TOBACCO.
In the great kingdom of living nature, man is the only animal that seeks to poison or destroy his own instincts,
to turn topsy-turvy the laws of his being, and to make himself as unlike, as possible, that which he was
obviously designed to be.
No satisfactory solution of this extraordinary propensity has been given, short of a reference to that--
"first disobedience and the fruit Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste Brought death into the world and
all our wo, With loss of Eden."
While the myriads of sentient beings, spread over the earth, adhere, with unyielding fidelity, to the laws of
their several existences, man exerts his superior intellect in attempting to outwit nature, and to show that she
has made an important mistake, in his own case. Not satisfied with the symmetry and elegance of form given
him by his Creator, he transforms himself into a hideous monster, or copies upon his own person, the
proportions of some disgusting creature, far down in the scale of animal being. Not content with loving one
thing and loathing another, he perseveres in his attempts to make bitter sweet, and sweet bitter, till nothing but
the shadow is left, of his primitive relishes and aversions. This is strikingly exemplified in the habitual use of
the narcotic or poisonous vegetables.
History.
Tobacco is generally regarded as having originated in America. Its name appears to have been derived from
Tabaco, a province of Yucatan, in Mexico, from which place it is said to have been first sent to Spain; or, as
some assert, though with less probability, from an instrument named Tabaco, employed in Hispaniola in
smoking this article.
Cortez sent a specimen of it to the king of Spain in 1519. Sir Francis Drake is said to have introduced it into
England about the year 1560, and, not far front the same time, John Nicot carried it to France; and Italy is
indebted to the Cardinal Santa Croce for its first appearance in that country.Traces of an ancient custom of smoking dried herbs having been observed, it has been suggested that tobacco
might have been in use in Asia, long before the discovery of America. The fact, however, that this plant
retains, under slight modifications, the name of tobacco, in a large number of Asiatic as well as European
dialects, renders almost certain the commonly received opinion, that it emanated from this country, and from
this single origin has found its way into every region of the earth, where it is at present known. If this be the
fact, the Western hemisphere has relieved itself of a part of the obligation due to the Eastern, for the discovery
and diffusion of distilled spirit.
Early in the history of our country, the cultivation and use of tobacco were by no means confined to central
America. In Hawkins' voyage of 1655, the use of this article in Florida is thus described: "The Floridians,
when they travele, have a kind of herbe dryed, which, with a cane and an earthen cup in the end, with fire and
the dryed herbes put together, do sucke thorow the cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their
hunger." Still earlier, viz. in 1535, Cartier found it in Canada: "There groweth a certain kind of herbe, whereof
in sommer, they make great provision for all the yeere, making great account of it, and onely men use it; and
first they cause it to be dried in the sunne, then weare it about their necks wrapped in a little beaste's skinne,
made like a little bagge, with a hollow peece of stone or wood like a pipe; then when they please they make
powder of it, and then put it in one of the ends of said cornet or pipe, and laying a cole of fire upon it, at the
other end sucke so long, that they fill their bodies full of smoke, till that it cometh out of their mouth and
nostrils, even as out of the tonnele of a chimney."
In Great Britain the progress of the custom of using tobacco was not unobserved. The civil and ecclesiastical
powers were marshalled against it, and Popish anathemas and Royal edicts with the severest penalties, not
excepting death itself, were issued. In the reigns of Elizabeth, of James and of his successor Charles, the use
and importation of tobacco were made subjects of legislation. In addition to his Royal authority, the worthy
and zealous king James threw the whole weight of his learning and logic against it, in his famous
'Counterblaste to Tobacco.' He speaks of it as being "a sinneful and shameful lust"--as "a branch of
drunkennesse"--as "disabling both persons and goods"--and in conclusion declares it to be "a custome
loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs, and in the black and
stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomlesse."
In the English colonies of North America, it is no wonder that legislation was resorted to, for the purpose of
regulating the use of this article, when it had become an object of so much value, as that "one hundred and
twenty pounds of good leaf tobacco" would purchase for a Virginian planter a good and choice wife just
imported from England. In one of the provincial governments of New England, a law was passed, forbidding
any person "under twenty-one years of age, or any other, that hath not already accustomed himself to the use
thereof, to take any tobacko untill he hath brought a certificate under the hands of some who are approved for
knowledge and skill in phisick, that it is useful for him, and also that hee hath received a lycense from the
Courte for the same. And for the regulating of those, who either by their former taking it, have to their own
apprehensions, made it necessary to them, or uppon due advice are persuaded to the use thereof,--
"It is ordered, that no man within this colonye, after the publication hereof, shall take any tobacko publiquely
in the streett, high wayes or any barne yardes, or uppon training dayes, in any open places, under the penalty
of six-pence for each offence against this order, in any the particulars thereof, to bee paid without gainsaying,
uppon conviction, by the testimony of one witness, that is without just exception, before any one magistrate.
And the constables in the severall townes are required to make presentment to each particular courte, of such
as they doe understand, and can evict to bee transgressors of this order."
In the old Massachusetts colony laws, is an act with a penalty for those, who should "smoke tobacco within
twenty poles of any house, or shall take tobacco at any Inn or victualling house, except in a private room, so as that neither the master nor any guest shall take offence thereat."
In the early records of Harvard University is a regulation ordering that "no scholar shall take tobacco unlesspermitted by the President, with the consent of his parents, on good reason first given by a physician, and then
only in a sober and private manner."
At a town-meeting in Portsmouth, N.H. in 1662, it was "ordered that a cage be built, or some other means
devised, at the discretion of the Selectmen, to punish such as take tobacco on the Lord's day, in time of
publick service." But it does not appear that this measure had all the effect intended, for, ten years afterwards,
the town "voted that if any person shall smoke tobacco in the meeting-house during religious service, he shall
pay a fine of five shillings for the use of the town."
But all these forces have been vanquished, and this one weed is the conqueror. Regardless of collegial and
town regulations, of provincial laws, and of royal, parliamentary and papal power, tobacco has kept on its
way, till it has encircled the earth, and now holds in slavery a larger number of human minds than any other
herb.

TOBACCO IN EUROPE.

The discovery of the tobacco plant in America by European voyagers aroused their cupidity no less than curiosity. They saw in its use by the Indians a custom which, if engrafted upon the civilization of the ओल्ड World, would prove a source of revenue commensurate with their wildest visions of power and wealth. This
was particularly the case with the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors, whose thirst for gold was gratified by
its discovery. The finding by the Spaniards of gold, silver, and the balmy plant, and by the Portuguese of
valuable and glittering gems, opened up to Spain and Portugal three great sources of wealth and power. But
while the Spaniards were the first discoverers of the plant there seems to be conflicting opinions as to which
nation first began its culture, and whether the plant was cultivated first in the Old World or in the New.
Humboldt says:--
"It was neither from Virginia nor from South America, but from the Mexican province of Yucatan that Europe
received the first tobacco seeds about the year 1559.[20] The Spaniards became acquainted with tobacco in
the West India Islands at the end of the 15th Century, and the cultivation of Tobacco preceded the cultivation
of the potato in Europe more than one hundred and twenty years. When Sir Walter Raleigh brought tobacco
from Virginia to England in 1586, whole fields of it were already cultivated in Portugal.[21] It was also
previously known in France."
[Footnote 20: Mussey in his Essay on Tobacco records "That Cortez sent a specimen of the plant to the king
of Spain in 1519." Yucatan was discovered by Hernandez Cordova in 1517, and in 1519 was first settled.]
[Footnote 21: Spain began its culture in Mexico on the coast of Caracas at the islands of St. Domingo and
Trinidad, and particularly in Louisiana.]
Another author says of its introduction into Europe:--
"The seeds of the tobacco plant were first brought to Europe by Gonzalo Hernandez de Oviedo, who
introduced it into Spain, where it was first cultivated as an ornamental plant, till Monardes[22] extolled it as
possessed of medicinal virtues."[23]
[Footnote 22: Pourchat declares that the Portuguese brought it into Europe from Tobago, an island in the West
Indies; but this is hardly probable, as the island was never under the Portuguese dominion.]
[Footnote 23: Monardes wrote upon it only from the small account he had of it from the Brazilians.]
Murray says of the first cultivation of tobacco and potatoes in the Old World:--
"Amidst the numerous remarkable productions ushered into the Old Continent from the New World, there are
two which stand pre-eminently conspicuous from their general adoption. Unlike in their nature, both have
been received as extensive blessings--the one by its nutritive powers tends to support, the other by its narcotic
virtues to soothe and comfort the human frame--the potato and tobacco; but very different was the favor with
which these plants were viewed. The one long rejected, by the slow operation of time, and, perhaps, of
necessity, was at length cherished, and has become the support of millions, but nearly one hundred and twenty
years passed away before even a trial of its merits was attempted; whereas, the tobacco from Yucatan, in less
than seventy years after the discovery, appears to have been extensively cultivated in Portugal, and is,
perhaps, the most generally adopted superfluous vegetable product known; for sugar and opium are not in
such common use. The potato by the starch satisfies the hunger; the tobacco by its morphia calms its
turbulence of the mind. The former becomes a necessity required, the latter a gratification sought for."It would appear then that the year 1559 was about the period of the introduction of tobacco into Europe.
Phillip II. of Spain sent Oviedo to visit Mexico and note its productions and resources; returning he presented
"His Most Catholic Majesty" with the seeds of the plant. In the following year it was introduced into France
and Italy. It was first brought to France by Jean Nicot of Nismes in Languedoc, who was sent as ambassador
to Sebastian, King of Portugal, and who obtained while at Lisbon some tobacco seed from a Dutch merchant
who had brought it from Florida.[24] Nicot returned to France in 1561, and presented the Queen, Catherine de
Medicis, with a few leaves of the plant.[25]
[Footnote 24: Parkinson in his Herball [London, 1640] says:--"It is thought by some that John Nicot, this
Frenchman, being agent in Portugall for the French King, sent this sort of tobacco [Brazil] and not any other
to the French Queene, and is called therefore herba Regina, and from Nicotiana, which is probably because
the Portugalis and not the Spaniards were masters of Brazile at that time."]
[Footnote 25: "Sir John Nicot sent some seeds of it into France, to King Francis II., the Queen Mother, and
Lord Jarnac, Governor of Rochel, and several others of the French Lords."]
As the history of Nicot is so intimately connected with that of the plant, a short sketch of this original importer
will doubtless be interesting to all lovers of the weed:--
"John Nicot, Sieur de Villemain, was born at Nismes in 1530, and died at Paris in 1600. He was the son of a
notary at Nismes, and started in life with a good education, but with no fortune. Finding that his native town
offered no suitable or sufficient field for his energies, he went to Paris and strove hard to extend his studies as
a scholar and his connections as an adventurer. He made the acquaintance of some courtiers, who felt or
affected an interest in learning and in learned men. His manners were insinuating; his character was pliable.
When presented at court he succeeded in gaining the esteem and confidence of Henry II., the husband of
Catherine de Medicis. Francis II., the son of Henry II., and the first husband of Mary Stuart, continued to
Nicot the favor of which Henry II. had deemed him worthy, and sent him in 1560 as ambassador to Sebastian,
King of Portugal. He was successful in his mission. But it was neither his talents as a diplomatist, nor his
remarkable mind, nor his solid erudition, which made Nicot immortal. It was by popularizing tobacco in
France that he gained a lasting fame.
"It is said that it was at Lisbon that Nicot became acquainted with the extraordinary properties of tobacco. But
it is likewise stated with quite as much confidence, that a Flemish merchant, who had just returned from
America, offered Nicot at Bordeaux, where they met, some seeds of the tobacco, telling him of their value.
The seeds Nicot sent to Catherine de Medicis, and on arriving in Paris he gave her some leaves of tobacco.
Hence, when tobacco began to creep into use in France it was called Queen's Herb or Medicean Herb.[26] The
cultivation of tobacco, except as a fancy plant, did not begin in France till 1626; and John Nicot could have
had no presentiment of the agricultural, commercial, financial and social importance which tobacco was
ultimately to assume. Nicot published two works. The first was an edition of the History of France or of the
Franks, in Latin, written by a Monk called Aimonious, who lived in the tenth century. The second was a
'Treasury of the French Language, Ancient and Modern.'"
[Footnote 26: "The Abbe Jacques Gohory, the author of the first book written on tobacao, proposed to call it
Catherinaine or Medicee, to record the name of Medicis and the medicinal virtues of the plant; but the name
of Nicot superseded these, and botanists have perpetuated it in the genus Nicotiana."--Le Maout and
Decaisne.]
Stevens and Liebault in the "Country Farm"[27] give the following account of its early introduction into
France and the wonderful cures produced by its use:
[Footnote 27: London 1606।]
"Nicotiana though it have (has) beene but a while knowne in France yet it holdeth the first and principall place
amongst Physicke herbs, by reason of his singular and almost diuine (divine) vertues, such as you shall heare
of hereafter, whereof (because none either of the old or new writers that have written of the nature of plants,
have said anything), I am willing to lay open the whole history, as I have come by it through a deere friend of
mine, the first author, inventor, and bringer of this herb into France: as also of many both Spaniards,
Portugals, and others which have travelled into Florida, a country of the Indians, from whence this herbe
came, to put the same in writing to relieve such griefe and travell, as have heard of this herbe, but neither
know it nor the properties thereof. This herbe is called Nicotiana of the name of an ambassador which brought
the first knowledge of it into this realme, in like manner as many plants do as yet retaine the names of certaine
Greekes and Romans, who being strangers in divers countries, for their common-wealth's service, have from
thence indowed their own countree with many plants, whereof there was no knowledge before. Some call it
the herbe of Queen mother, because the said ambassador Lord Nicot did first send the same unto the Queen
mother,[28] (as you shall understand by and by) and for being afterwards by her given to divers others to plant
and make to grow in this country. Others call it by the name of the herbe of the great Prior, because the said
Lord a while after sailing into these western seas, and happening to lodge neere unto the said Lord
ambassador of Lisbone, gathered divers plants thereof out of his garden, and set them to increase here in
France, and there in greater quantitie, and with more care than any other besides him, he did so highly esteeme
thereof for the exceeding good qualities sake.
[Footnote 28: George Buchanan, the Scotch Philosopher and poet tutor of James I., had a strong aversion to
Catherine of Medicis, and in one of his Latin epigrams, alludes to the herb being called Medicie, advising all
who valued their health to shun it, not so much from its being naturally hurtful, but that it needs must become
poisonous if called by so hateful a name.]
"The Spaniards call it Tobaco, it were better to call it Nicotiana, after the name of the Lord who first sent it
into France, to the end that we may give him the honor which he hath deserved of us, for having furnished our
land with so rare and singular an herbe: and thus much for the name, now listen unto the whole historie:
Master John Nicot, one of the king's counsell, being ambassador for his Maiestie (Majesty) in the realme of
Portiugall, in the yeere of our Lord God, 1559. 60. and 61. went on a day to see the monuments and northie
places of the said king of Portiugall: at which time a gentleman keeper of the said monuments presented him
with this herbe as a strange plant brought from Florida. The nobleman Sir Nicot having procured it to growe
in his garden, where it had put forth and multiplied very greatly, was aduertifed (notified) on a daie by one of
his pages, that a yoong boie kinsman of the said page, had laide (for triall sake) the said herbe, pressed, the
substance and juice and altogether, upon an ulcer which he had upon his cheeke, neere unto his nose, next
neighbor to a Noli me tangere, (a cancer) as having already seazed upon the cartilages, and that by the use
thereof it was become marvellous well: upon this occasion the nobleman Nicot called the boie to him, and
making him to continue the applying of this herbe for eight or ten days, the Noli me tangere became
thoroughly kild: nowe they had sent oftetimes unto one of the king's most famous phisitions, the said boie
during the time of this worke and operation to make and see the proceeding and working of the said Nicotiana,
and having in charge to do the same until the end of ten days, the said phisition then beholding him, assured
him that the Noli me tangere was dead, as indeed the boie never felt anything of it at any time afterward.
"Some certain time after, one of the cooks of the said ambassador having almost all his thombe (thumb) cut
off from his hand, with a great kitchin knife, the steward running unto the said Nicotiana, made to him use of
it five or six dressings, by the ende of which the wounde was healed. From this time forward this herbe began
to become famous in Lisbon, where the king of Portiugal's court was at that time, and the vertues thereof
much spoken of, and the common people began to call it the ambassador's herbe. Now upon this occasion
there came certain days after, a gentleman from the fields being father unto one of the pages of the said Lord
ambassador, who was troubled with an ulcer in his legge of two years continuance, and craved of the said
Lord some of his herbe, and using it in manner afore mentioned, he was healed by the end of ten or daies. After this yet the herbe grewe still in greater reputation, inasmuch as that many hasted out of all corners
to get some of this herbe. And among the rest, there was one woman which had a great ring worme, covering